jan Kekan San

jan Kekan San

Objects with e

Check out the video lesson too!

Table of Contents

Words to Know

Particles

Word Use Writing
e
e
(mark an object; begin an object phrase) Two right-facing arrows

Content Words

Word Definition Writing
wile
wile
want, need, to want Curvy letter “w”
lipu
lipu
paper, card, document, website, leaf, small flat thing Tall rectangle like a piece of paper
sona
sona
knowledge, understanding, to know Piece of paper with emitters!
lukin
lukin
eyes, to look, to try An eye with a pupil in the center
pali
pali
create, work, creation A hand shape with a circle above it
kute
kute
ear, hear, listen, pay attention to Ear shape curving out to the right, tiny line in the middle
jo
jo
have, possess, carry, own “G” shape with circle at top end, like sitting person
pana
pana
give, emit, provide, gift A hand shape with emitters
pakala
pakala
destroy, break, shatter, explode, ruin, mistake Paper with jagged middle line, like a crack or tear
ante
ante
change, alter, other, different Two arrows pointing at each other from the top and bottom
pilin
pilin
feeling, emotion, touch, contact A heart

Overview

Objects and e

This new sentence is capable of changing things in the world. The subject can now act on other things, applying the predicate to something else, with the use of e!

[mi/sina] [predicate] e [object]

[subject] li [predicate] e [object]

This new phrase introduces a thing the subject acts on in a way that the predicate specifies.

A note about “predicate”

I am using “predicate” to refer to just the position of the action/description of a phrase, excluding the object.

In common grammatical terms, “predicate” refers to the entirety of the action/description and the object(s) it acts on. However, it can also refer to just the action/description clause, which is very convenient for these lessons!

Changing things

Here are a few guided examples of how the subject acts on the object, applying the predicate to it:

mi pona e jan

The jan becomes pona in some way, as in the translations given.

lape li wawa e sina

Here, sina becomes wawa in some way.

Not changing things

Not everything changes the object! Here are some examples, using two new words:

jan li pilin e kiwen

Here, the kiwen is felt or touched, but it never is or becomes pilin. Instead, the subject is the only one that does any pilin.

mi wile e telo

Again, the telo is wanted or needed, but it does not become wile or do the action wile or become describable by wile. The subject wants, needs, wile the telo.

As you study, you’ll get an intuitive sense for this difference. Some words will be actions the subject takes on an object, but which do not change that object. pana works this way! Other words will change the object, applying a new property to the object.

A note on “not” changing things

As you become more advanced in Toki Pona, you’ll learn that the above is complicated! It is possible to describe an object as a wanted object, and to apply want to that object. For the time being, this simplification will work.

That said, the following is possible:

mi wile e telo

“I want water.”

telo wile li pona e mi

“The water I want will make me feel better.”

This uses a modifier (next lesson!) to demonstrate the point, now referencing a “wanted liquid.”

Multiple e

Check out this video lesson too! There are a few other topics here, but the very start has what you need!

Like li, e can be used more than once to apply a predicate to more than one object at a time! The predicate before applies to every object that follows. Like li, this is like “and” in English, but now for the object!

kasi li pilin e suno e telo

The plant is feeling the sun and the water!

Here, the subject kasi (plant) is pilin (feeling) both suno and telo, (light and water).

Here’s another example:

mi moku e suwi e lete

I eat sweets and ice cubes!

I eat sugar and ice.

Here, the subject mi (I) is eating suwi (something sweet) and lete, something cold.

Multiple li and multiple e

When using multiple li and multiple e, objects connect to the predicate right before. We saw this with using two e, but it also applies if you use li twice then e- the first li has no object, only the second one does.

kasi li suwi li pana e ko

The plant is sweet, and gives off dust!

The plant is cute, and is spitting sap!

Here, the kasi is suwi, and at the same time, it pana (gives) some ko (dust, slime)

kasi li pana e ko li suwi

The plant gives off dust, and is sweet!

This sentence means the same thing, but has the connected predicate and object, pana and ko swapped with the single predicate pana. The meaning is still the same!

Objects always connect to the predicate before. For multiple e with multiple li, the rules are the same as with just multiple e!

jan li jaki e lipu li telo e lipu

The person made a mess on the book and cleaned the book.

Here, jan (a person) does two actions, acting on to two objects with each: First, they jaki (make gross) a lipu (document, book), then they telo (water, clean) a lipu. Often, the same word referenced twice is referring to the same object- so lipu could be the same both times! But it can be a different object too. Watch for context!

The last part of this section is a bit more advanced- it requires you to be thoughtful and intentional about how you speak. If you wanna get right to practice, check out the exercises!

There is some room for experimentation! The sentence from before can be made shorter but understood the same with relaxed grammar:

jan li jaki li telo e lipu

If jaki and telo both apply to the lipu:

Somebody made a mess on this book, and cleaned it.

If they are separate statements in the same sentence:

Somebody is gross, and cleaned this book.

Normally, the first predicate jaki would not connect to the object lipu. But some speakers will apply two or more predicates to the same object, like this sentence- it’s relaxed!

Here, jan (a person) does two actions, acting on to one object with each: First, they jaki (make gross) a lipu (document, book), then they telo (water, clean) a lipu. Often, the same word in the same position a second time means the same object- so the lipu could be the same both times! But it can be a different object too. Watch for context!

If you haven’t checked under the spoiler already, check now. There are multiple meanings possible if you use this relaxed grammar!

When somebody doesn’t understand you, try restating yourself. Using more words to be more specific is always helpful!

Exercises

Toki Pona to English

Single e

A parent is doing his best to make his kid eat his dinner, resulting in an argument at the table. The kid offers the very reasonable point that vegetables are gross! But after some arguing back and forth, mom chimes in with convincing wisdom:

moku li pona e sina

The food will make you feel better!


You’ve been struggling in class, trying your hardest to follow along with the lessons and lab. You hire a tutor to help, and they provide well-practiced teaching and piles of useful examples. Late one night, you are thoroughly reading over the textbook and you realize you actually understand every word. You exclaim:

mi sona e lipu

I understood the textbook!


Halloween night! A group of sheet-clad friends, dressed like classic ghosts, walk from home to home shouting “Trick or treat!” and get piles of sweets in hand at each door! At the end of the night, everyone compares their hauls. One friend pulls a weighty, dirty chunk from his bag and says…

mi jo e kiwen

I have a rock…


You and your brother are up to no good, trying to play a prank the neighbor. You just finished setting up the sprinkler system to go off when your neighbor walks out, when your brother yells a warning out at you:

mama li lukin e sina

Mom sees you!


You’re standing out on the beach in a late summer evening, watching the waves roll in. As time passes, and only the moon is left illuminating the surface of the water, you begin to notice a soft white foam piling at the water’s edge. You remark to yourself:

telo li pali e ko

The water is making foam.


You and your friends are playing hide-and-seek. The one friend who is “it” is standing at the base of the tree, but only pretending to close their eyes while counting. As soon as the game starts, they rush to tag everyone they saw hide, and then when the game ends, everyone complains at once:

sina pakala e musi

You ruined the game!


You’re a project manager, working with one of your developers on a new project. Your developer comes to you with a problem, and as you work through it, you identify the issue: one of the supporting tools has a change you don’t recognize. You check who wrote it, and inform the confused developer:

sina ante e lipu

You changed the code…


You’re late to a choir performance! You race from the parking lot to the auditorium doors, pushing them open with a thump and then pause- and listen. You hear the opening piece, and whisper under your breath:

mi kute e kulupu

I hear the choir.


A young child is confused- for years, she’s stayed home and spent all her time playing. Suddenly she now has to go to “school,” and spend so much time there! Her mom drops her off, crying and wailing, for her first day. Then mom shushes her and explains how school works, her child’s eyes widening as she listens:

jan li pana e sona

People will teach you!


On a walkthrough of a science museum, you find yourself in a hands-on exhibit full of boxes! You can’t see what’s inside, but the organizer directs you to reach in and feel. You reach into a box and feel something gooshy and rubbery. You squish it- but you have no idea what it is! The organizer tells you:

sina pilin e ko

You’re feeling the gum!


You walk through the forest toward your personal getaway, a cozy cabin far from home. When you get there, you find the cabin in disrepair! Vines now creep up the sides, and weeds overgrow the garden; the home is clearly starved of care! You resolve to restore the garden and cabin, and remark to yourself:

kasi li wile e pona! mi pona e kasi

The garden needs help! I will help the plants.


Multiple e

You’re touring a greenhouse full of strange plants. The tour guide stops at a small, orange flower with its bulb hanging down toward the floor. Your guide directs you to lean in and smell the flower, and you just barely notice them smirking before the smell hits you! Then you say:

kasi li nasa li jaki!

The flower is super weird and smelly!


You and your sister wake up early for school, but you both feel awful- you must have gotten sick and it set in over night, oh no! But not to worry: your mom and dad tell you to stay in bed. Later, your sister asks if you’re both gonna be okay, and you tell her:

mama li pona e sina e mi

Mom and dad are gonna make you and I better!


You and your dad are looking through an old family photo album. As you look through the album, you see yourself and your brother as babies, and lots of old pictures of your mom and dad! Later, your brother asks what you got up to this afternoon, and you say excitedly:

mi lukin e mi e sina e mama!

I looked at me, and you, and mom, and dad!


Multiple li and Multiple e

You’ve been holed up in your home for a few days, stressfully cleaning and doing other chores as a work deadline looms. Your roommate notices your stress, and invites you along on a walk to relax, saying:

tawa li pona e sina li suli

Walking helps you, and is important!


You’re wandering around a festival, enjoying the sights and crafts work. You can smell smoke, but you expect it’s outdoor cooking- until somebody runs past you, yelling:

jan li pana e seli li pakala e kasi!!

Somebody has fire, and burnt the garden!!


In an old building decorated with whimsical artifacts and stacks of strange old books, you sit among a vast audience, overlooking a magician’s display. An old man stands center stage, demonstrating his act: a person enters one door, and the very same instant, exits another door on the opposite side of the stage! With booming theatrical tone, he explains:

wawa li tawa e sina li nasa e sina!

The magic moves you, and confuses you!


English to Toki Pona

Food will make you tall.

moku li suli e sina

Help strengthens the community.

pona li wawa e kulupu

The person is touching the leaf.

jan li pilin e kasi

jan li pilin e lipu

Understanding changes people.

sona li ante e jan

Giving makes people feel better.

pana li pona e jan

You spilled something on the book!

sina jaki e lipu

I see a garbagefire.

mi lukin e jaki

mi lukin e pakala

I’m making a fire

mi pali e seli

Somebody heard a difference!

jan li kute e ante

You have eyes.

sina jo e lukin

You tore up the plant!

sina pakala e kasi

sina ike e kasi

You muddied the water. The water is muddy.

sina ko e telo! telo li ko

sina jaki e telo. telo li jaki

The following use “and.” Remember how multiple e works, and multiple li too!

I sweetened the batter and the drinks!

mi suwi e moku e telo

mi ko e moku e telo

Don’t worry that the detail of “batter” and “drinks” are lost. If you got close to this translation, you’re fine!

I need a book and a drink!

mi wile e lipu e telo

People understand feelings and changes.

jan li sona e pilin e ante.

Listening changed the people and the plants

kute li ante e jan e kasi

Somebody ruined the flower and the statue!

jan li pakala e kasi e kiwen!

The grime is ruining the boardgames and books!

jaki li pakala e musi e lipu

The person sees a collection and gifted a book!

jan li lukin e kulupu, li pana e lipu

Wanting will help you and hurt you.

wile li pona e sina li ike e sina

wile li pona li ike e sina

Takeaway

Grammar

Toki Pona sentences now look like this:

[subject] (li) [predicate] (e [object])

Parentheses indicate something which is optional or conditional, and brackets are stand-ins for words as before.

Breaking it down, we can talk about what the speaker and listener do, or what describes the speaker/listener:

[mi/sina] [predicate]

We can talk about what other things do or are like:

[subject] li [predicate]

We can now talk about what the speaker and listener do to other things.

[mi/sina] [predicate] e [object]

And the same goes for what third person things do to other third person things, including themselves!

[subject] li [predicate] e [object]

Content Words and Particles

The list of particles we know has grown to include e! Every other new word is a content word.


Try remembering the words with this game by James Moulang! Getting ahead of the lessons on words will help!

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